GStreamer笔记五: Media Formats and Pad Capabilities

此次所述有关pad功能。关于pad,前面已有简单介绍,pad功能是GStreamer的一个基本元素,由于框架会自动处理他们,所以大多数时候它们是不可见的。本次主要了解的是关于pad功能的检索。

基本概念

Pads

之前已经说过,pad相当于一个接口,允许信息通过或者离开一个元素。Pad的功能(Capabilities或者简写为Cap)指定哪种信息可以通过pad。例如“分辨率为320x200像素,每秒30帧的RGB视频”,或“每采样音频16位,每秒44100采样率的5.1声道”,甚至压缩格式如mp3或h264等。
Pad可以支持多种功能(如一个video sink可以支持不同类型的RGB或者YUV格式的视频),而且功能也可以指定范围(如一个audio sink可以支持每秒1-48000个采样的采样率)。但从pad到pad的实际信息必须仅有一个明确指定的类型。两个相连的pad通过一个协商过程达到一个共同的类型,从而使其pad功能变得固定(仅有一种类型,不包含范围)。
要让两个元素连接在一起,他们的能力必须有一个公共子集,否则不可能相互理解。这也是能力的主要目标。
应用程序开发人员通常会通过将元素连接到一起来构建管道(如果使用playbin之类的全部元素,则程度较低)。在这种情况下需要知道元素的Pad Caps,或者至少知道当GStreamer拒绝连接两个协商错误的元素时它们的Caps是什么。

Pad templates

Pad是从pad模板创建的,pad模板表示了pad可能具有的所有功能。模板可用于创建一些相似的pad,并且允许早期拒绝元素之间的连接:如果其pad模板的功能没有公共子集(相交为空),则无需进一步协商。
pad模板可视为协商过程第一步。随着过程的演变,实际的Pads被实例化并且其能力被提炼,直到它们被固定(或者协商失败)。

Capabilities examples

一个能力的例子如下:

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SINK template: 'sink'
Availability: Always
Capabilities:
audio/x-raw
format: S16LE
rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
channels: [ 1, 2 ]
audio/x-raw
format: U8
rate: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
channels: [ 1, 2 ]

如代码中所示,该pad是一个接收端(sink),且一直可用。它支持两种媒体,包括整数格式的原始音频(audio/x-raw):带符号的16位小端 1和无符号8位。 方括号表示一个范围:例如,通道数从1到2不等。

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SRC template: 'src'
Availability: Always
Capabilities:
video/x-raw
width: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
height: [ 1, 2147483647 ]
framerate: [ 0/1, 2147483647/1 ]
format: { I420, NV12, NV21, YV12, YUY2, Y42B, Y444, YUV9, YVU9, Y41B, Y800, Y8, GREY, Y16 , UYVY, YVYU, IYU1, v308, AYUV, A420 }

video/x-raw表示这个信号源输出原始视频。它支持多种尺寸和帧率,以及一组YUV格式(大括号列表表示)。所有这些格式都表示图像平面的不同的填充和下采样。

Last remarks

可以使用gst-inspect-1.0工具了解所有GStreamer元素的Caps。
一些元素查询底层硬件支持的格式,并相应地提供他们的pad功能(通常进入READY或更高状态时在这样做)。 因此,显示的能力可能因平台而异,也可能从一次执行到下一次执行就变了(即使这种情况很少)。
本次将会实例化两个元素(这次通过其工厂函数),显示其pad模板,连接它们并设置管道播放。 在每次状态改变时,sink元素的Pad的功能会被显示,所以可以观察到协商如何进行直到Pad Caps固定。

Pad功能实例

一个普通的有关pad caps的例子如下:

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#include <gst/gst.h>
/* Functions below print the Capabilities in a human-friendly format */
static gboolean print_field (GQuark field, const GValue * value, gpointer pfx) {
gchar *str = gst_value_serialize (value);
g_print ("%s %15s: %s\n", (gchar *) pfx, g_quark_to_string (field), str);
g_free (str);
return TRUE;
}
static void print_caps (const GstCaps * caps, const gchar * pfx) {
guint i;
g_return_if_fail (caps != NULL);
if (gst_caps_is_any (caps)) {
g_print ("%sANY\n", pfx);
return;
}
if (gst_caps_is_empty (caps)) {
g_print ("%sEMPTY\n", pfx);
return;
}
for (i = 0; i < gst_caps_get_size (caps); i++) {
GstStructure *structure = gst_caps_get_structure (caps, i);
g_print ("%s%s\n", pfx, gst_structure_get_name (structure));
gst_structure_foreach (structure, print_field, (gpointer) pfx);
}
}
/* Prints information about a Pad Template, including its Capabilities */
static void print_pad_templates_information (GstElementFactory * factory) {
const GList *pads;
GstStaticPadTemplate *padtemplate;
g_print ("Pad Templates for %s:\n", gst_element_factory_get_longname (factory));
if (!gst_element_factory_get_num_pad_templates (factory)) {
g_print (" none\n");
return;
}
pads = gst_element_factory_get_static_pad_templates (factory);
while (pads) {
padtemplate = pads->data;
pads = g_list_next (pads);
if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SRC)
g_print (" SRC template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
else if (padtemplate->direction == GST_PAD_SINK)
g_print (" SINK template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
else
g_print (" UNKNOWN!!! template: '%s'\n", padtemplate->name_template);
if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_ALWAYS)
g_print (" Availability: Always\n");
else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_SOMETIMES)
g_print (" Availability: Sometimes\n");
else if (padtemplate->presence == GST_PAD_REQUEST) {
g_print (" Availability: On request\n");
} else
g_print (" Availability: UNKNOWN!!!\n");
if (padtemplate->static_caps.string) {
GstCaps *caps;
g_print (" Capabilities:\n");
caps = gst_static_caps_get (&padtemplate->static_caps);
print_caps (caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref (caps);
}
g_print ("\n");
}
}
/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void print_pad_capabilities (GstElement *element, gchar *pad_name) {
GstPad *pad = NULL;
GstCaps *caps = NULL;
/* Retrieve pad */
pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
if (!pad) {
g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad '%s'\n", pad_name);
return;
}
/* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
if (!caps)
caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);
/* Print and free */
g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
print_caps (caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref (caps);
gst_object_unref (pad);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
GstElement *pipeline, *source, *sink;
GstElementFactory *source_factory, *sink_factory;
GstBus *bus;
GstMessage *msg;
GstStateChangeReturn ret;
gboolean terminate = FALSE;
/* Initialize GStreamer */
gst_init (&argc, &argv);
/* Create the element factories */
source_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("audiotestsrc");
sink_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("autoaudiosink");
if (!source_factory || !sink_factory) {
g_printerr ("Not all element factories could be created.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Print information about the pad templates of these factories */
print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);
/* Ask the factories to instantiate actual elements */
source = gst_element_factory_create (source_factory, "source");
sink = gst_element_factory_create (sink_factory, "sink");
/* Create the empty pipeline */
pipeline = gst_pipeline_new ("test-pipeline");
if (!pipeline || !source || !sink) {
g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Build the pipeline */
gst_bin_add_many (GST_BIN (pipeline), source, sink, NULL);
if (gst_element_link (source, sink) != TRUE) {
g_printerr ("Elements could not be linked.\n");
gst_object_unref (pipeline);
return -1;
}
/* Print initial negotiated caps (in NULL state) */
g_print ("In NULL state:\n");
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
/* Start playing */
ret = gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state (check the bus for error messages).\n");
}
/* Wait until error, EOS or State Change */
bus = gst_element_get_bus (pipeline);
do {
msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE, GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS |
GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED);
/* Parse message */
if (msg != NULL) {
GError *err;
gchar *debug_info;
switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE (msg)) {
case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR:
gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
g_clear_error (&err);
g_free (debug_info);
terminate = TRUE;
break;
case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
terminate = TRUE;
break;
case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED:
/* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */
if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (pipeline)) {
GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
g_print ("\nPipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
/* Print the current capabilities of the sink element */
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
}
break;
default:
/* We should not reach here because we only asked for ERRORs, EOS and STATE_CHANGED */
g_printerr ("Unexpected message received.\n");
break;
}
gst_message_unref (msg);
}
} while (!terminate);
/* Free resources */
gst_object_unref (bus);
gst_element_set_state (pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
gst_object_unref (pipeline);
gst_object_unref (source_factory);
gst_object_unref (sink_factory);
return 0;
}

所需要的库只有gstreamer-1.0

代码分析

print_field, print_capsprint_pad_templates简单的以友好的格式显示了caps的结构,更多的GstCaps内部结构组织可以阅读GStreamer的关于Pad Caps的文档。

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/* Shows the CURRENT capabilities of the requested pad in the given element */
static void print_pad_capabilities (GstElement *element, gchar *pad_name) {
GstPad *pad = NULL;
GstCaps *caps = NULL;
/* Retrieve pad */
pad = gst_element_get_static_pad (element, pad_name);
if (!pad) {
g_printerr ("Could not retrieve pad '%s'\n", pad_name);
return;
}
/* Retrieve negotiated caps (or acceptable caps if negotiation is not finished yet) */
caps = gst_pad_get_current_caps (pad);
if (!caps)
caps = gst_pad_query_caps (pad, NULL);
/* Print and free */
g_print ("Caps for the %s pad:\n", pad_name);
print_caps (caps, " ");
gst_caps_unref (caps);
gst_object_unref (pad);
}

gst_element_get_static_pad函数从给定的元素中检索命名的pad。这个pad是静态的,因为它总是存在于元素中。有关Pad可用性的更多信息,可以阅读有关Pads的GStreamer文档。
然后调用gst_pad_get_current_caps来检索pad的当前caps,它可以是固定的或不固定的,具体取决于协商过程的状态。甚至可能不存在,这种情况下调用gst_pad_query_caps来检索当前可接受的pad caps。当前可接受的caps将成为处于NULL状态的pad模板的caps,但可能会在以后的状态中更改,因为可能会查询实际的硬件功能。
然后将这些功能打印出来:

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/* Create the element factories */
source_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("audiotestsrc");
sink_factory = gst_element_factory_find ("autoaudiosink");
if (!source_factory || !sink_factory) {
g_printerr ("Not all element factories could be created.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Print information about the pad templates of these factories */
print_pad_templates_information (source_factory);
print_pad_templates_information (sink_factory);
/* Ask the factories to instantiate actual elements */
source = gst_element_factory_create (source_factory, "source");
sink = gst_element_factory_create (sink_factory, "sink");

之前直接使用gst_element_factory_make函数创建了元素,并跳过了关于工厂的讨论。GstElementFactory负责实例化由其工厂名称标识的特定类型的元素。
可以使用gst_element_factory_find来创建一个类型为“videotestsrc”的工厂,然后通过gst_element_factory_create使用它实例化多个“videotestsrc”元素。gst_element_factory_make实际上是gst_element_factory_find+gst_element_factory_create的快捷方式。
Pad模板已经可以通过工厂来访问,所以一旦工厂被创建,它们就会被打印出来。
跳过管道的创建以及开始,转到State-Changed消息处理:

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case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED:
/* We are only interested in state-changed messages from the pipeline */
if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (pipeline)) {
GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
g_print ("\nPipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));
/* Print the current capabilities of the sink element */
print_pad_capabilities (sink, "sink");
}
break;

该段代码在每次Pipeline状态发生改变时简单的打印出当前的pad caps。可以在输出中看到初始caps(pad模板的caps)是如何逐步完善直至完全固定(包含无范围单一类型)。


  1. 1.对于整型/长整型等数据类型,小端与大端相反,按照从低地址到高地址的顺序存放数据的高位字节到低位字节。
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